WORLD'S BIGGEST SOLAR-POWERED BOAT- TURANOR

It is in 2004 that Raphael thinks about achieving the first tour of the world in a solar boat. At that time, it is not yet fashionable. He will thus have to first convince the future sponsors and the schools. To do this, he brings together and motivates a team of enthusiasts ready to follow him in this adventure.
Today, more than 100 persons are working, across the world, for the PlanetSolar project...

THE BOAT

PlanetSolar is a multlihull vessel topped by a large array of photovoltaic solar panels, constructed by Knierim Yacht Club, in Kiel, Germany. Built in 14 months, the biggest solar boat ever built has impressive dimensions and is yet both silent and clean. The goal is to navigate around the world at an average speed of 7.5 knots - no mean feat for a solar-powered craft.
The multihull will be home to four sailors during the round-the-world attempt, and can accommodate up to forty people during the promotional trips planned at each port of call.
The ideal shape and size of the boat for the chosen route will be determined by in-depth research. The PlanetSolar engineers have to factor in a host of parameters - propulsion, solar panel design, energy storage, materials, and the external environment. A whole range of studies will need to be conducted in areas such as the boat's hydro and aerodynamics, the materials used, the management and storage of energy and, finally, the power plant and the optimal routing. A concentration of futuristic technology

planetsolar is a catamaran that runs solely on energy found in light. The additional removable parts allow it to expose a total of 537 sq.m of photovoltaic surface(solar panels) to the sun. This impressive data make it the biggest solar run ship in the world.

• Length: 31 m
• Width: 15 m
• Length with flaps: 35 m
• Width with flaps: 23 m
• Height: 6.1 m
• Weight: 95 t
• Surface of solar modules: 537 sq.m
• PV installed power: 93.5 kW(127.0HP)
• Average engine consumption: 20 KW(26.8 HP)
• Average speed: 7.5 Kt(14 km/h)
• Maximum speed : 14 kt( 25 km/h)
• Crew: 6 people
• People that can go onboard: 40
• Autonomy: Never-ending solar navigation.

Round the world in 160 days
In 2011, the first round-the-world trip powered by solar energy will be realized, with stopovers along the equator, where the maximum amount of sunlight is available. The over 50,000-km voyage will last 160 days, for an average speed of 7.5 knots. PlanetSolar's six-men crew will cross the Atlantic Ocean, the Panama Canal, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and finally the Suez Canal, to return to the Mediterranean. After a roadshow with the village that will cross Switzerland in 2009, the boat will stop in cities like New-York, San Francisco, Singapour and Abu-Dhabi.

The stopovers (Miami, Cancun, San Francisco, Sydney, Singapour, Abu Dhabi) will be organised in large port cities; they will give the project a high profile, and will be used as a promotional platform for renewable energies, especially solar.

hi friends,
In Recent years,the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs. everyone would like to have it in their project to attract the visitors. similarly we too had it in our project "Power On Coin", But we made a very small, tiny mistake while interfacing and we spend nearly a week to identify that problem. But, we learned many things about LCDs in that week, that's here
INTERFACING OF LCD
 All LCD will have minimum of 14 pins, some may have few more for back LED lights. knowledge of these 14 pins is enough to interface LCD. let we have a look at those 14 pins.

 









VSS:ground pin     VDD:+5v supply pin

VEE:contrast pin, by adjusting the supply to this pin we can get clarity in the display.
 NOTE: never give full 5V supply, vary it with a variable resistor(pot:10k)
RS: this register will say the LCD whether the information is command or data.
we would like to control the cursor in the display like clearing, moving the cursor in the display, entry mode, etc. this could be done through passing command by Rs=0->we can inform the LCD the information is command. respectively command words and codes are shown.
while we are passing data we should have Rs=1.
R/W:we are suppose to inform the LCD, whether the information is to be read or written on the LCD. this pin will do that work.
R/W=1->read mode
R/w=0->write mode
ENABLE PIN:very important pin of all, only when pass high to low signal to this pin, the command/data will be latched into LCD. But should have at least 450ns gap between setting and clearing this pin. because the micro controller may be working at MHz but our LCD will be working at KHz . so, we need to apply some delay else the date will not be proper.
E line is negative edge triggered- to write
E line is positive edge triggered- to read

D7-D0:information should be sent/received only through pin only this is data pin. ASCII key values of the corresponding character or command should be alone sent/received through this pin.
these are those 14 pins.
WORKING:

• First we should configure the LCD,so we need to pass the command code. Don't send all, send only which are required.

Load D7-D0 with command code
Rs=0; to inform it is command
R/W=0; we are going to write it
E=1; to set E high
delay: to match the speed [450 ns]
E=0; low to latch the data

• Then we can pass the information 

Load D7-D0 with data
Rs=0; to inform it is word
R/W=0/1; depends on us, whether we would like to read or write
E=1; to set E high-write/low-read
delay: to match the speed [450 ns]
E=0; low to latch the data/high to read

BUSY FLAG:
we are using delay, because the LCD need time to do some internal operation. but we cannot import exact delay, so it may slow down the process. so by using Busy flag we can over come this problem.
here, we use Rs=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information. Thus busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and Rs=0, as follows: if R/W=1, Rs=0. when D7 =1, the LCD is busy taking case of internal operations and will not accept any new information. when D7=0, the LCD is ready to receive new information.
It is better to use busy flag, rather than imparting delay everywhere use of Busy flag will make the program to run faster.
NOTE: one important thing here is, we need to send low to high signal to enable pin. since we are reading.
PROGRAM:

• sending commands and data to LCDs with a time delay

;calls a time delay before sending next data/command
;p1.0-p1.7 are connected to LCD data pin D0-D7
;p2.0 is connected to Rs pin of LCd
;p2.1 is connected to R/W pin of LCD
;p2.2 is connected to E pin of LCD
    org 0000H
    mov a,#38H    ;init. LCD 2 lines, 5X7 matrix
    acall comwrt    ;call command subroutine
    acall delay    ;give LCD some time
    mov a,#0EH    ;display on,cursor on
    acall comnwrt    ;call command subroutine
    acall delay    ;give LCD some time
    mov a,#01    ;clear LCD
    acall comnwrt    ;call command subroutine
    acall delay     ;give LCD some time
    mov a,#06H    ;shift cursor right
    acall cmnwrt    ;call command subroutine
    acall delay    ;give LCD some time
    mov a,#'h'    ;display letter h
    acall datawrt    ;call display subroutine
    acall delay     ;give LCD sometime
    mov a,#'i'    ;display letter i
    acall datawrt     ;call display subroutine
again:    sjmp again    ;stay here

comnwrt:        ;send command to LCD
           mov p1,a    ;copy reg a to port1
           clr p2.0    ;Rs=0 for command
           clr p2.1    ;R/W=0 for write
          setb p2.2    ;E=1 for high pulse
          acall delay    ;give LCD some time
         clr p2.2    ;give LCD some time
         RET        ;return
   
datawrt:        ;write data to LCD
           mov p1,a    ;copy reg a to port1
           setb p2.0    ;Rs=1 for data
           clr p2.1    ;R/W=0 for write
           setb p2.2    ;E=1 for high pulse
           acall delay    ;give LCD some time
           clr p2.2    ;E=0 for high to low pulse
            ret        ;return

delay:    mov r3,#50    ;50 or higher for fast CPUs
here2:   mov r4,#255    ;r4=255
here:     Djnz r4,here    ;stay until r4 becomes 0
            Djnz r3,here2    ;stay until r3 becomes 0
            return        ;return
             end

• sending commands and data to LCDs using busy flag  

 ;check busy flag before sending data,command to LCD
;p1=data pin, p2.0=Rs,p2.1=R/W,p2.2=E pins
    mov a,#38H    ;init LCD 2 lines,5x7 matrix
    acall command     ;issue command
    mov a,#0EH    ;LCd on, cursor on
    acall command    ;issue command
    mov a,#01H    ;clear LCD command
    acall command    ;issue command
    mov a,#06H    ;shift cursor right
    acall command    ;issue command
    mov a,#86H    ;cursor: line 1,pos 6
    acall command    ;issue command
    mov a,#'h'    ;display letter h
    acall data_dispaly     ;issue data
    mov a,#'i'    ;diaplay letter i
    acall data_display    ;issue data
here:    sjmp here    ;stay here

command:
    acall ready     ;is LCD ready?
    mov p1,a    ;issue command code
    clr p2.0    ;Rs=0 for command
    clr p2.1    ;R/W=0 for write
    setb p2.2    ;E=1 for high pulse
    clr p2.2    ;give LCD some time
    RET        ;return

data_display:
    acall ready    ;is LCD ready?
    mov p1,a    ;copy reg a to port1
    setb p2.0    ;Rs=1 for data
    clr p2.1    ;R/W=0 for write
    setb p2.2    ;E=1 for high pulse
    clr p2.2    ;E=0 for high to low pulse
    ret        ;return  

ready:
    setb p1.7    ;make p1.7 input port
    clr p2.0    ;Rs=0 access command reg
    setb p2.1    ;R/w=1 read command reg
;read command reg and check busy flag
back:    clr p2.2    ;E=0 for low to high pulse
    setb p2.2    ;E=1 low to high pulse
    jb p1.7,back    ;stay until busy flag=0
    ret        ;return
  
    end
i said that we made a very small mistake and we were spending a week in it. the mistake is that,we gave +5V
to VEE pin, we need to vary it as we vary contrast in TV. But, we thought we made mistake in the program and we were checking the program for 5 days
so, always view the problem in various angle, that will give solution quickly...

Friends,
here is my second paper with my friennd Rajesh khanna... EMBEDDED BASED AUTO MOBILE COLLISION PREVENTION... this paper is entirely different from my last paper... expect the title everything is on our own... it is completely our paper... we took nearly a weak to complete this paper... while working on this paper we learnt many recent concepts like range finder, how to select controller, braking systems, ABS, etc... it was very enjoyable and interesting to us...
And this paper got selected in ANNA UNIVERSITY, COIMBATORE and KARUNYA UNIVERSITY..
More important is that we won second prize for this in ANNA UNIVERSITY,coimbatore...
here is that interesting paper for you

"The most incomprehensible about the universe is that it is comprehensible"-ALBERT EINSTEIN

Many are filled these questions?

Less than a billionth of a second after the Big Bang....A bubble much small than an atom appeared... That is universe...with in that bubble 4 natural super forces namely Gravity,Electromagnetic,Strong and weak nuclear force existed in it...suddenly the gravity spited and bubble expanded... then the temperature came down enough to create atoms... hydrogen evolved and then it combined to form helium....after nearly 1 billion years later the stars came and heavier atoms like nitrogen, oxygen and carbon were formed...after nearly 9 billion years later matter and gravity combined to form star...this created pressure, which produced heat.. that gave birth to nuclear fusion and the star was created( That the SUN)....The disk of dust around that star are changed into plants and moon... And the temperature of the 3rd plant,earth helped hydrogen di-oxide(water) to built up here...The chemical reaction took place under the water gave rise to living thing... from which we came(many theories explains how we came in this plant)... At last after 13.7 billions years from the Big Bang i'm typing this.......

What are the major evidences which support the Big Bang theory?
    * First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning.
    * Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law," named after Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) who discovered this phenomenon in 1929. This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted.
    * Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, Radioastronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe. This is thought to be the remnant which scientists were looking for. Penzias and Wilson shared in the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery.
    * Finally, the abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.  

BIG BANG IN CERN :

CERN ,is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research. Its business is fundamental physics, finding out what the Universe is made of and how it works. It is situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco-Swiss border, established in1954.

(LHC)...LHC is about 27 k.m. long and placed 175 m beneath the ground..This collision gave the result more than the scientists of CERN expected... 


GOD?
I feel this discussion is incomplete without speaking about GOD.... Who is he?... is there anything else which exists outside of the natural realm?... is there a Architect behind these thing?...Was God the "First Cause"? What was the super natural thing behind everything that had happen, happening and about to happen?..
 
Being an engineer, I believe in science and not in supernatural... But i won't say there is no GOD.. and pls don't try to prove there is no GOD... Because if someone proves that there is no one called GOD,then suddenly the crime rate will shoot up at lightening speed..many are not involving in crime since they afraid of  GOD...
 so, GOD pls make us to believe that you are watching us and punishing us....